Fiscal policy was first introduced by John Maynard Keynes, and became widely adopted globally following the Great Depression after World War I in 1929. According to Keynes, the government has the right—and obligation—to manage national income and expenditure by setting taxes and creating policies to support macroeconomic stability.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in the Indonesian economy, both in creating jobs and driving economic growth. However, MSMEs also face various challenges and uncertainties that can threaten their business continuity, one of which is risk. Risk can arise from various aspects, such as finance, operations, market competition, regulatory changes, and technological threats.